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  GR9277 #38
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\prob{38}
Tau leptons are observed to have an average half-life of $\Delta t_1$ in the frame $S_1$ in which the leptons are at rest. In an inertial frame $S_2$, which is moving at a speed $v_{12}$ relative to $S_1$, the leptons are observed to have an average half-life of $\Delta t_2$. in another inertial reference frame $S_3$, which is moving at a speed $v_{13}$ relative to $S_1$ and $v_{23}$ relative to $S_2$, the leptons have an observed half-life of $\Delta t_3$. Which of the following is a correct relationship among two of the half lives, $\Delta t_1$, $\Delta t_2$, and $\Delta t_3$.

  1. $\Delta t_2=\Delta t_1\sqrt{1-v_{12}^2/c^2}$
  2. $\Delta t_1=\Delta t_3\sqrt{1-v_{13}^2/c^2}$
  3. $\Delta t_2=\Delta t_3\sqrt{1-v_{23}^2/c^2}$
  4. $\Delta t_3=\Delta t_2\sqrt{1-v_{23}^2/c^2}$
  5. $\Delta t_1=\Delta t_2\sqrt{1-v_{23}^2/c^2}$
Special Relativity}Time Dilation Formula

The time dilation formula is given by t = \gamma t_0 = \frac{\Delta t_0}{\sqrt{1-\beta_{ij}^2}}, where time is dilated (lengthened) in all but the frame at rest (proper-time t_0). Note that \beta_{ij} = v_{ij}/c.

So, from that alone, one can deduce the following relations (without looking at the choices yet):

\Delta t_2 = \frac{\Delta t_1}{\sqrt{1-\beta_{12}^2}}

\Delta t_3 = \frac{\Delta t_1}{\sqrt{1-\beta_{13}^2}}

The latter deduction is just choice (B).

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Comments
QuantumCat
2014-09-25 08:49:23		Don't be like me and make the mistake of trying to correlate S_2 and S_3. Since S_1 is at rest, it's the only one that can comfortably be dealt with (without addition of velocities or extra terms in the invariant space-time interval). Deal only with the relationship between S_1 & S_2 and S_1 & S_3! Common Pitfalls
ender
2009-11-05 23:53:02		Time interval is shortest in the particle's rest frame. This means {\Delta t}_1 \leq {\Delta t}_2, {\Delta t}_3, only choices B and E remain. Choice E involves v_{23} which should not be the case. Hence (B) is the answer.NEC
Albert
2009-10-20 13:01:25		I am not sure whether B is the right answer, despite the unlikelyhood of ETS offering a wrong answer. Or perhaps I have gotten the concept backwards :)

In frame S2 where we are moving with velocity V12 relative to S1, it becomes almost obvious to me that the time T2 should be smaller than T1, given the fact that when I speed up, time around myself speeds up, at least thats what I think because actually my own time (which is the virtual time) has slowed down. Evidently, I would witness the decay process speeding up and the time T2 getting smaller than T1, hence I feel option A should be correct. But since ETS can't be wrong, I suppose I must be!

Albert
2009-11-03 14:44:06		 And indeed I am! Ignore my comment above, I was high on cocaine when I wrote it! :)
tommy22222
2019-10-14 09:14:14		 Oh Albert, you should be the last person to get this relativity problem wrong even if you were high on coke! :)
NEC
realcomfy
2008-11-05 15:41:44		I am confused about the order that the \Delta t's are placed because in the official answer the first deduction corresponds EXACTLY to the answer choice A. Furthermore, the "correct" deduction has \Delta t_1 and \Delta t_3 reversed.

Also, I have on my equation sheet \Delta t_0 = \gamma \Delta t^\prime. Using this convention I was able to get the correct answer. Do I have this backwards, or is there a typo here?
ramparts
2009-08-09 20:28:31		 Nope - the Lorentz factor is the reciprocial of \sqrt{1-\beta^2}. In the answer, they're multiplying both sides by \sqrt{1-\beta^2} to move it to the other side.
Answered Question!
Poop Loops
2008-10-12 00:19:20		The reason why C and D don't work is because you don't know whether d-t2 or d-t3 is bigger, and clearly if d-t2 > d-t3 then C doesn't work, and if it's vice versa, D doesn't work. For example if v23 = -v12, that means that S3 is also in the particle's rest frame, and only D works. On the other hand if v23 = v12, then the particle is going much faster in the S3 frame than in the S2 frame, so only C works. Clearly there is a conflict here because you aren't given enough information.

Whereas since S1 is a rest frame, it's stationary and v = 0, therefore if you move to any other frame, v can only go up, so B is the correct relationship between the two for sure.
tommy22222
2019-10-14 09:19:20		 Even though I picked A which is correct, I wondered for a long time why C and D can\'t be correct. You explained it well!
NEC
chrisfizzix
2008-10-06 12:42:28		Minimal notation is a virtue on this silly timed thing:

Take S_1 to be the rest frame. Now write time dilation into the other two frames:

\Delta t_2 = \gamma_{12} \Delta t_1

\Delta t_3 = \gamma_{13} \Delta t_1

Now notice that all the ugly square root crap that ETS has written is just \frac{1}{\gamma_{ij}; from that, we can see that the relations given in the choices are just

A: \gamma_{12} \Delta t_2 = \Delta t_1
B: \gamma_{13} \Delta t_1 = \Delta t_3
C: \gamma_{23} \Delta t_2 = \Delta t_3
D: \gamma_{23} \Delta t_3 = \Delta t_2
E: \gamma_{23} \Delta t_1 = \Delta t_2

Where B is clearly a correct relation.
GREmania
2008-10-12 08:01:49		 I like that!

:)
apr2010
2010-04-07 18:26:46		 Good one and I assume this is ETS' intention to confuse the student. Was time dilatation t = t' y or t= t' /y... I like that though, makes me think more about the correctness about what I am reading.
NEC
callie
2008-04-07 22:16:46		why couldn't the answer be c, if S2 were assumed to be the rest frame? (if only S2 and S3 were compared against each other) S1 cannot be an "absolute" rest frame, can it?
caffeinated
2008-04-09 14:26:46		 I, also, am not clear on this since supposedly it doesn't matter who is moving with respect to whom, and is there really any such thing as absolute rest? Not at my desk.
casaubon
2008-09-27 15:29:03		 My guess is that it has to do with the requirement that the event be colocal in the original frame. That's why the question says the leptops are at rest in frame S_1. The leptons are not at rest in frame S_2. See the time " target="_blank">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_dilation">time dilation article on wikipedia.
rose3fa
2009-08-31 09:23:03		 S1 can be the absolute rest frame! According to Feynman, in the twin paradox we know the twin that went away and came back is the one whose clock ran slower. Feynman says you cannot imagine that the "traveling" twin stayed still in his own reference frame and the earth moved away from it. Feynman claims that the twin who felt the movement, i.e. accelerated away and decelerated on the way back, is the one whose clock ran slower.

Now, I still have trouble understanding this concept too. But, if we accept Feynman's example, it makes sense to call S1 a rest frame with the fastest clock.

Incidentally, I only quote Feynman's example because I just finished the books, "6 Not So Easy Pieces," which deals with relativity.
apps00
2010-10-06 10:08:20		 It's because when the formula for the time intervals' relation was derived we assumed the particle to have zero velocity in the rest frame.

Let the "2" system move with V relatively to "1" system, and the particle is in "1" system. The relations between coordinates of two events in these frames are:

ct^{(2)}_1 = \frac{ct^{(1)}_1-\beta x^{(1)}_1}{\sqrt{1-\beta^2}}
ct^{(2)}_2 = \frac{ct^{(1)}_1-\beta x^{(1)}_1}{\sqrt{1-\beta^{(2}}
\beta=\frac{V}{c}

Now we subtract the second equation from the first one to derive relation between two time intervals:

c\Delta t^{(2)} = \frac{c\Delta t^{(1)}-\beta \Delta x^{(1)}}{\sqrt{1-\beta^2}}

Note, that if the particle is not moving in "1" frame, \Delta x^{(1)} equals to zero and we derive
\Delta t^{(2)} = \frac{\Delta t^{(1)}}{\sqrt{1-\beta^2}}

The (C) is not correct because \Delta x^{(1)} is not zero when the lepton doesn't rest in the chosen frame. For this particular case \Delta x^{(1)} = -V_{12}\Delta t_2 and the "correct (C)" relation would be \Delta t_3 = \frac{\Delta t_2 + V_{23}V_{12}\Delta t_2/c^2 }{\sqrt{1-(V_{23}/c)^2}} instead.
Answered Question!
astro_allison
2005-11-24 21:59:38		what do we do with the information "in inertial reference frame S3, moving at speed v_23 relative to S2, the observed half-life is \deltat_3"?
astro_allison
2005-11-24 22:00:12		 ...not supposed to be a "partial"t_3, but a "delta"t_3
yosun
2005-11-26 01:41:37		 astro_allison: the extra information for S_3 is to confuse the test-taker who does not understand how the time dilation equation works. the time dilation equation relates the time of a rest frame (proper time) to that of a moving frame. None of the choices relate \Delta t_3 to \Delta t_1

fyi: \Delta produces a capital delta sign \Delta, while \delta produces a lower-case delta sign \delta. The lower-case delta \delta is not the usual sign for a partial derivative (recall that it is used to denote variations in Calculus of Variations). The usual sign for a partial derivative is given by \partial, which produces \partial. (Surround the LaTeX command above with dollar signs for them to take effect.)
Answered Question!

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I am confused about the order that the \Delta t's are placed because in the official answer the first deduction corresponds EXACTLY to the answer choice A. Furthermore, the "correct" deduction has \Delta t_1 and \Delta t_3 reversed. Also, I have on my equation sheet \Delta t_0 = \gamma \Delta t^\prime. Using this convention I was able to get the correct answer. Do I have this backwards, or is there a typo here?

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